| Market Size 2023 (Base Year) | USD 11.32 Billion |
| Market Size 2032 (Forecast Year) | USD 62.35 Billion |
| CAGR | 18.6% |
| Forecast Period | 2024 - 2032 |
| Historical Period | 2018 - 2023 |
Market Research Store has published a report on the global student information system (SIS) market, estimating its value at USD 11.32 Billion in 2023, with projections indicating it will reach USD 62.35 Billion by the end of 2032. The market is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 18.6% over the forecast period. The report examines the factors driving market growth, the obstacles that could hinder this expansion, and the opportunities that may emerge in the student information system (SIS) industry. Additionally, it offers a detailed analysis of how these elements will affect demand dynamics and market performance throughout the forecast period.
The growth of the student information system (SIS) market is fueled by rising global demand across various industries and applications. The report highlights lucrative opportunities, analyzing cost structures, key segments, emerging trends, regional dynamics, and advancements by leading players to provide comprehensive market insights. The student information system (SIS) market report offers a detailed industry analysis from 2024 to 2032, combining quantitative and qualitative insights. It examines key factors such as pricing, market penetration, GDP impact, industry dynamics, major players, consumer behavior, and socio-economic conditions. Structured into multiple sections, the report provides a comprehensive perspective on the market from all angles.
Key sections of the student information system (SIS) market report include market segments, outlook, competitive landscape, and company profiles. Market Segments offer in-depth details based on Component, Deployment, Application, End-use, and other relevant classifications to support strategic marketing initiatives. Market Outlook thoroughly analyzes market trends, growth drivers, restraints, opportunities, challenges, Porter’s Five Forces framework, macroeconomic factors, value chain analysis, and pricing trends shaping the market now and in the future. The Competitive Landscape and Company Profiles section highlights major players, their strategies, and market positioning to guide investment and business decisions. The report also identifies innovation trends, new business opportunities, and investment prospects for the forecast period.
This report thoroughly analyzes the student information system (SIS) market, exploring its historical trends, current state, and future projections. The market estimates presented result from a robust research methodology, incorporating primary research, secondary sources, and expert opinions. These estimates are influenced by the prevailing market dynamics as well as key economic, social, and political factors. Furthermore, the report considers the impact of regulations, government expenditures, and advancements in research and development on the market. Both positive and negative shifts are evaluated to ensure a comprehensive and accurate market outlook.
| Report Attributes | Report Details |
|---|---|
| Report Name | Student Information System (SIS) Market |
| Market Size in 2023 | USD 11.32 Billion |
| Market Forecast in 2032 | USD 62.35 Billion |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 18.6% |
| Number of Pages | 227 |
| Key Companies Covered | Oracle, Workday Inc., SAP SE, Jenzabar Inc., Skyward Inc., Illuminate Education., Ellucian Company L.P., Anthology Inc., Foradian Technologies., Beehively |
| Segments Covered | By Component, By Deployment, By Application, By End-use, and By Region |
| Regions Covered | North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), Latin America, Middle East, and Africa (MEA) |
| Base Year | 2023 |
| Historical Year | 2018 to 2023 |
| Forecast Year | 2024 to 2032 |
| Customization Scope | Avail customized purchase options to meet your exact research needs. Request For Customization |
The Student Information System (SIS) market is a cornerstone of modern educational administration, enabling institutions to efficiently manage student data, academic records, admissions, and various administrative processes. Its evolution is closely tied to the digitalization of education, the shift towards data-driven decision-making, and the increasing demand for seamless institutional operations.
Key Growth Drivers:
The most significant driver is the widespread digital transformation across the education sector, from K-12 to higher education, necessitating integrated platforms for managing complex student lifecycles. The increasing adoption of e-learning and hybrid learning models has amplified the need for robust SIS solutions to manage online enrollments, course registrations, and virtual academic records. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on data analytics and reporting for informed decision-making by educational administrators fuels demand for SIS that can provide real-time insights into student performance, trends, and operational efficiency. Government initiatives and funding aimed at modernizing educational infrastructure and improving data management standards also play a crucial role in driving market expansion.
Restraints:
The market faces significant restraints primarily due to the high initial implementation costs associated with advanced SIS solutions, including software licenses, hardware requirements, customization, and extensive training for staff. This substantial investment can be a significant barrier for smaller institutions or those with limited budgets, particularly in developing regions. Another considerable restraint is the complexity of integrating new SIS platforms with existing legacy systems and diverse educational technologies (e.g., Learning Management Systems, financial systems). This integration often requires significant effort, customization, and can lead to disruptions during the transition phase. Additionally, resistance to change from faculty and administrative staff, who may be accustomed to traditional workflows, can slow down the adoption and full utilization of new SIS platforms.
Opportunities:
Significant opportunities lie in the continuous innovation and integration of emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and blockchain within SIS platforms. AI and ML can enable advanced analytics for personalized learning paths, predictive analytics for student retention, and automation of administrative tasks (e.g., chatbot support for student inquiries), significantly enhancing efficiency and student engagement. Blockchain technology offers potential for secure and verifiable digital credentials, transcripts, and student records, improving trust and reducing fraud. The accelerating shift towards cloud-based SIS solutions presents a lucrative avenue, offering enhanced scalability, accessibility, cost-efficiency through subscription models, and reduced IT infrastructure burden for institutions. Furthermore, the expansion into specialized niche applications, such as adaptive learning support and comprehensive student engagement tools, can unlock new market segments.
Challenges:
A key challenge is ensuring the robust data privacy and security of sensitive student information, including personal details, academic performance, and financial aid records, in compliance with stringent global regulations like GDPR and FERPA. Data breaches or misuse can lead to severe legal liabilities, reputational damage, and erosion of trust. The market also faces the challenge of ensuring seamless interoperability and standardization between different SIS modules and other educational software platforms from various vendors, to create a truly unified and efficient ecosystem. Managing the quality and consistency of data input, as errors or inconsistencies can propagate throughout the system and undermine its value, is an ongoing operational concern. Additionally, the need for continuous training and technical support for diverse user groups (students, faculty, administrators, parents) to maximize system adoption and utilization remains a persistent challenge for SIS providers.
The global student information system (SIS) market is segmented based on Component, Deployment, Application, End-use, and Region. All the segments of the student information system (SIS) market have been analyzed based on present & future trends and the market is estimated from 2024 to 2032.
Based on Component, the global student information system (SIS) market is divided into Software, Service.
On the basis of Deployment, the global student information system (SIS) market is bifurcated into Cloud, On-premise.
In terms of Application, the global student information system (SIS) market is categorized into Financial Management, Student Management, Admission & Recruitment, Student Engagement & Support, Others .
Based on End-use, the global student information system (SIS) market is split into K-12, Higher Education.
The North American region dominates the global Student Information System (SIS) market, holding the largest revenue share due to widespread digital transformation in education, strong government funding for EdTech, and high adoption of cloud-based solutions. The U.S. is the primary driver, fueled by advanced institutional IT infrastructure, demand for data-driven education management, and the presence of key players like PowerSchool, Ellucian, and Oracle. Europe follows closely, with growth propelled by GDPR-compliant systems, government initiatives for smart education, and increasing adoption in higher education across the UK, Germany, and France.
The Asia-Pacific (APAC) region is the fastest-growing market, driven by digitalization of education systems, rising student enrollments, and government investments in countries like China, India, and Australia. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa show emerging potential, supported by growing private education sectors and smart campus initiatives. North America’s dominance is expected to continue, reinforced by AI/ML integration and demand for unified student data platforms.
The student information system (SIS) market report offers a thorough analysis of both established and emerging players within the market. It includes a detailed list of key companies, categorized based on the types of products they offer and other relevant factors. The report also highlights the market entry year for each player, providing further context for the research analysis.
The "Global Student Information System (SIS) Market" study offers valuable insights, focusing on the global market landscape, with an emphasis on major industry players such as;
By Component
By Deployment
By Application
By End-use
By Region
This section evaluates the market position of the product or service by examining its development pathway and competitive dynamics. It provides a detailed overview of the product's growth stages, including the early (historical) phase, the mid-stage, and anticipated future advancements influenced by innovation and emerging technologies.
Porter’s Five Forces framework offers a strategic lens for assessing competitor behavior and the positioning of key players in the student information system (SIS) industry. This section explores the external factors shaping competitive dynamics and influencing market strategies in the years ahead. The analysis focuses on five critical forces:
The value chain analysis helps businesses optimize operations by mapping the product flow from suppliers to end consumers, identifying opportunities to streamline processes and gain a competitive edge. Segment-wise market attractiveness analysis evaluates key dimensions like product categories, demographics, and regions, assessing growth potential, market size, and profitability. This enables businesses to focus resources on high-potential segments for better ROI and long-term value.
PESTEL analysis is a powerful tool in market research reports that enhances market understanding by systematically examining the external macro-environmental factors influencing a business or industry. The acronym stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal factors. By evaluating these dimensions, PESTEL analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the broader context within which a market operates, helping businesses identify potential opportunities and threats.
An import-export analysis is vital for market research, revealing global trade dynamics, trends, and opportunities. It examines trade volumes, product categories, and regional competitiveness, offering insights into supply chains and market demand. This section also analyzes past and future pricing trends, helping businesses optimize strategies and enabling consumers to assess product value effectively.
The report identifies key players in the student information system (SIS) market through a competitive landscape and company profiles, evaluating their offerings, financial performance, strategies, and market positioning. It includes a SWOT analysis of the top 3-5 companies, assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The competitive landscape highlights rankings, recent activities (mergers, acquisitions, partnerships, product launches), and regional footprints using the Ace matrix. Customization is available to meet client-specific needs.
This section details the geographic reach, sales networks, and market penetration of companies profiled in the student information system (SIS) report, showcasing their operations and distribution across regions. It analyzes the alignment of companies with specific industry verticals, highlighting the industries they serve and the scope of their products and services within those sectors.
This section categorizes companies into four distinct groups—Active, Cutting Edge, Innovator, and Emerging—based on their product and business strategies. The evaluation of product strategy focuses on aspects such as the range and depth of offerings, commitment to innovation, product functionalities, and scalability. Key elements like global reach, sector coverage, strategic acquisitions, and long-term growth plans are considered for business strategy. This analysis provides a detailed view of companies' position within the market and highlights their potential for future growth and development.
The qualitative and quantitative insights for the student information system (SIS) market are derived through a multi-faceted research approach, combining input from subject matter experts, primary research, and secondary data sources. Primary research includes gathering critical information via face-to-face or telephonic interviews, surveys, questionnaires, and feedback from industry professionals, key opinion leaders (KOLs), and customers. Regular interviews with industry experts are conducted to deepen the analysis and reinforce the existing data, ensuring a robust and well-rounded market understanding.
Secondary research for this report was carried out by the Market Research Store team, drawing on a variety of authoritative sources, such as:
Market Research Store conducted in-depth consultations with various key opinion leaders in the industry, including senior executives from top companies and regional leaders from end-user organizations. This effort aimed to gather critical insights on factors such as the market share of dominant brands in specific countries and regions, along with pricing strategies for products and services.
To determine total sales data, the research team conducted primary interviews across multiple countries with influential stakeholders, including:
These subject matter experts, with their extensive industry experience, helped validate and refine the findings. For secondary research, data were sourced from a wide range of materials, including online resources, company annual reports, industry publications, research papers, association reports, and government websites. These various sources provide a comprehensive and well-rounded perspective on the market.
Table of Content 1 Report Overview 1.1 Study Scope 1.2 Key Market Segments 1.3 Regulatory Scenario by Region/Country 1.4 Market Investment Scenario Strategic 1.5 Market Analysis by Type 1.5.1 Global Student Information System (SIS) Market Share by Type (2020-2026) 1.5.2 On-premise 1.5.3 Cloud-based 1.6 Market by Application 1.6.1 Global Student Information System (SIS) Market Share by Application (2020-2026) 1.6.2 School 1.6.3 Training Institution 1.7 Student Information System (SIS) Industry Development Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak 1.7.1 Global COVID-19 Status Overview 1.7.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on Student Information System (SIS) Industry Development 2. Global Market Growth Trends 2.1 Industry Trends 2.1.1 SWOT Analysis 2.1.2 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 2.2 Potential Market and Growth Potential Analysis 2.3 Industry News and Policies by Regions 2.3.1 Industry News 2.3.2 Industry Policies 2.4 Industry Trends Under COVID-19 3 Value Chain of Student Information System (SIS) Market 3.1 Value Chain Status 3.2 Student Information System (SIS) Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis 3.2.1 Production Process Analysis 3.2.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure of Student Information System (SIS) 3.2.3 Labor Cost of Student Information System (SIS) 3.2.3.1 Labor Cost of Student Information System (SIS) Under COVID-19 3.3 Sales and Marketing Model Analysis 3.4 Downstream Major Customer Analysis (by Region) 3.5 Value Chain Status Under COVID-19 4 Players Profiles 4.1 Campus Management 4.1.1 Campus Management Basic Information 4.1.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.1.3 Campus Management Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.1.4 Campus Management Business Overview 4.2 Jenzabar 4.2.1 Jenzabar Basic Information 4.2.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.2.3 Jenzabar Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.2.4 Jenzabar Business Overview 4.3 ITG America 4.3.1 ITG America Basic Information 4.3.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.3.3 ITG America Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.3.4 ITG America Business Overview 4.4 Jenzabar 4.4.1 Jenzabar Basic Information 4.4.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.4.3 Jenzabar Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.4.4 Jenzabar Business Overview 4.5 Unit4 4.5.1 Unit4 Basic Information 4.5.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.5.3 Unit4 Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.5.4 Unit4 Business Overview 4.6 PowerSchool 4.6.1 PowerSchool Basic Information 4.6.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.6.3 PowerSchool Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.6.4 PowerSchool Business Overview 4.7 Tribal Group 4.7.1 Tribal Group Basic Information 4.7.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.7.3 Tribal Group Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.7.4 Tribal Group Business Overview 4.8 Workday 4.8.1 Workday Basic Information 4.8.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.8.3 Workday Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.8.4 Workday Business Overview 4.9 Ellucian 4.9.1 Ellucian Basic Information 4.9.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.9.3 Ellucian Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.9.4 Ellucian Business Overview 4.10 ComSpec International 4.10.1 ComSpec International Basic Information 4.10.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.10.3 ComSpec International Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.10.4 ComSpec International Business Overview 4.11 Classe365 4.11.1 Classe365 Basic Information 4.11.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.11.3 Classe365 Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.11.4 Classe365 Business Overview 4.12 Eduware 4.12.1 Eduware Basic Information 4.12.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.12.3 Eduware Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.12.4 Eduware Business Overview 4.13 Oracle 4.13.1 Oracle Basic Information 4.13.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.13.3 Oracle Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.13.4 Oracle Business Overview 4.14 Anubavam 4.14.1 Anubavam Basic Information 4.14.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.14.3 Anubavam Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.14.4 Anubavam Business Overview 4.15 SAP 4.15.1 SAP Basic Information 4.15.2 Student Information System (SIS) Product Profiles, Application and Specification 4.15.3 SAP Student Information System (SIS) Market Performance (2015-2020) 4.15.4 SAP Business Overview 5 Global Student Information System (SIS) Market Analysis by Regions 5.1 Global Student Information System (SIS) Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Regions 5.1.1 Global Student Information System (SIS) Sales by Regions (2015-2020) 5.1.2 Global Student Information System (SIS) Revenue by Regions (2015-2020) 5.2 North America Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 5.3 Europe Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 5.4 Asia-Pacific Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 5.5 Middle East and Africa Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 5.6 South America Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 6 North America Student Information System (SIS) Market Analysis by Countries 6.1 North America Student Information System (SIS) Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries 6.1.1 North America Student Information System (SIS) Sales by Countries (2015-2020) 6.1.2 North America Student Information System (SIS) Revenue by Countries (2015-2020) 6.1.3 North America Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 6.2 United States Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 6.2.1 United States Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 6.3 Canada Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 6.4 Mexico Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 7 Europe Student Information System (SIS) Market Analysis by Countries 7.1 Europe Student Information System (SIS) Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries 7.1.1 Europe Student Information System (SIS) Sales by Countries (2015-2020) 7.1.2 Europe Student Information System (SIS) Revenue by Countries (2015-2020) 7.1.3 Europe Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 7.2 Germany Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 7.2.1 Germany Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 7.3 UK Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 7.3.1 UK Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 7.4 France Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 7.4.1 France Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 7.5 Italy Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 7.5.1 Italy Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 7.6 Spain Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 7.6.1 Spain Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 7.7 Russia Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 7.7.1 Russia Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 8 Asia-Pacific Student Information System (SIS) Market Analysis by Countries 8.1 Asia-Pacific Student Information System (SIS) Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries 8.1.1 Asia-Pacific Student Information System (SIS) Sales by Countries (2015-2020) 8.1.2 Asia-Pacific Student Information System (SIS) Revenue by Countries (2015-2020) 8.1.3 Asia-Pacific Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 8.2 China Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8.2.1 China Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 8.3 Japan Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8.3.1 Japan Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 8.4 South Korea Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8.4.1 South Korea Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 8.5 Australia Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8.6 India Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8.6.1 India Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 8.7 Southeast Asia Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 8.7.1 Southeast Asia Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 9 Middle East and Africa Student Information System (SIS) Market Analysis by Countries 9.1 Middle East and Africa Student Information System (SIS) Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries 9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Student Information System (SIS) Sales by Countries (2015-2020) 9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Student Information System (SIS) Revenue by Countries (2015-2020) 9.1.3 Middle East and Africa Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 9.2 Saudi Arabia Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 9.3 UAE Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 9.4 Egypt Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 9.5 Nigeria Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 9.6 South Africa Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 10 South America Student Information System (SIS) Market Analysis by Countries 10.1 South America Student Information System (SIS) Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Countries 10.1.1 South America Student Information System (SIS) Sales by Countries (2015-2020) 10.1.2 South America Student Information System (SIS) Revenue by Countries (2015-2020) 10.1.3 South America Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 10.2 Brazil Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 10.2.1 Brazil Student Information System (SIS) Market Under COVID-19 10.3 Argentina Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 10.4 Columbia Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 10.5 Chile Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 11 Global Student Information System (SIS) Market Segment by Types 11.1 Global Student Information System (SIS) Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020) 11.1.1 Global Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Market Share by Types (2015-2020) 11.1.2 Global Student Information System (SIS) Revenue and Market Share by Types (2015-2020) 11.2 On-premise Sales and Price (2015-2020) 11.3 Cloud-based Sales and Price (2015-2020) 12 Global Student Information System (SIS) Market Segment by Applications 12.1 Global Student Information System (SIS) Sales, Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020) 12.1.1 Global Student Information System (SIS) Sales and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020) 12.1.2 Global Student Information System (SIS) Revenue and Market Share by Applications (2015-2020) 12.2 School Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 12.3 Training Institution Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2015-2020) 13 Student Information System (SIS) Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2026) 13.1 Global Student Information System (SIS) Sales, Revenue and Growth Rate (2020-2026) 13.2 Student Information System (SIS) Market Forecast by Regions (2020-2026) 13.2.1 North America Student Information System (SIS) Market Forecast (2020-2026) 13.2.2 Europe Student Information System (SIS) Market Forecast (2020-2026) 13.2.3 Asia-Pacific Student Information System (SIS) Market Forecast (2020-2026) 13.2.4 Middle East and Africa Student Information System (SIS) Market Forecast (2020-2026) 13.2.5 South America Student Information System (SIS) Market Forecast (2020-2026) 13.3 Student Information System (SIS) Market Forecast by Types (2020-2026) 13.4 Student Information System (SIS) Market Forecast by Applications (2020-2026) 13.5 Student Information System (SIS) Market Forecast Under COVID-19 14 Appendix 14.1 Methodology 14.2 Research Data Source
Student Information System (SIS)
Student Information System (SIS)
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